Showing posts with label underwater. Show all posts
Showing posts with label underwater. Show all posts

Tuesday, 7 January 2025

South Africa: Bengal & South American shipwrecks

SAHRA Maritime and Underwater Cultural Heritage

September 17:

“This day in our shipwreck History”

1840: Bengal, this British wooden sailing barque wrecked on Blaauwbergstrand in Table Bay in the Western Cape after missing its stays while entering the bay at night.

1889: South American, this sailing vessel was an American ship of 1694 tons built in 1876 in Boston. The ship was wrecked on 17 September 1889 in Struisbaai in thick fog with the loss of one life. The vessel was travelling from Manilla to Boston with a cargo of sugar which was reportedly strewn along the beach after the wrecking.

In 2020 SAHRA was called to the beach at De Mond, Struisbaai after a large piece of wreckage was exposed lying in the vicinity of the known wreck of the Mackay. During the site visit the wreckage was surveyed, the visible structure was at least 45 m in length and 5.7 m wide but it was difficult to determine the exact dimensions as it was buried under the sand.

The pieces of timber had large iron nails protruding from them, the size of the nails together with the wood indicates that this would have been a large vessel. During a previous survey of the area undertaken as part of a master’s degree project in 2006 by Jaco Boshoff, a large keelson was partially excavated at the same location as the above wreckage, due to its size and location the wreck was tentatively identified as that of the South American as it is the only one of its size that wrecked in the area.

The wreckage continues to be exposed during strong tides and spring lows, the most recent images were taken at the beginning of September 2024.

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Friday, 3 January 2025

South Africa: Albinia, Foam, Elmira & John Barbery shipwrecks

SAHRA Maritime and Underwater Cultural Heritage

Shawnee wreck, Namibia

September 13:

“This day in our shipwreck and aeronautical wreck history”

1851: A strong south easterly gale claimed two wooden sailing schooners in the Eastern Cape: 

• Albinia, wrecked in Algoa Bay.

• Foam, wrecked on the east bank of the Buffalo River in East London.

1876: Elmira, this sailing vessel wrecked, 50 km east of East London in the Eastern Cape.

1991: A (name as yet unknown) crayfishing vessel struck the submerged wreck of a lighter and wrecked near Geelbek in the Langebaan Lagoon in the Western Cape. Three lives were lost because of the wrecking.

2009: John Barbery, this fishing trawler sank in Hout Bay harbour in the Western Cape.

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Saturday, 28 December 2024

South Africa: Bates Family & Christine Marine shipwrecks

SAHRA Maritime and Underwater Cultural Heritage

Skeleton Coast, Namibia

September 6:

“This day in our shipwreck and aeronautical wreck history”

1880: Bates Family, this steam-powered ship caught alight and was abandoned on the 2nd of September, to founder four days later on this day, near Cape Agulhas in the Western Cape.

1995: Christine Marine, this fishing vessel was scuttled by the South African Navy south of the Cape Peninsula in the Western Cape.

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Thursday, 5 December 2024

South Africa: Fratelli Arecco & Gertrud Woermann shipwrecks

SAHRA Maritime and Underwater Cultural Heritage

August 22:

“This day in our shipwreck and aeronautical wreck history”

1883: Fratelli Arecco, this wooden-hulled barque wrecked on Back Beach in Durban in KwaZulu-Natal. It had a skeleton crew of 13 at the time because of desertions at a previous stop in Sri Lanka. It sprung a leak whilst crossing the Indian Ocean and had to be put into Durban for repairs. Some of its cargo of rice was sold to pay for the repairs, however either during the repairs or soon thereafter an east-north-easterly gale sprang up and one of its anchor cables parted. The master, being ashore at the time saw a signal from his vessel and purchased a new anchor and anchor chain but three hours later, its second anchor cable parted, and it was driven ashore on Back Beach. All those on board were saved by the rocket crew but after a few days the rotting cargo started a stench that resulted in the decision to blow the vessel up with dynamite so that the ocean would carry the rotting cargo away.

Gertrud Woermann II - wrecked in Namibia

1903: Gertrud Woermann, the steel-hulled steam-powered coaster wrecked in a dense fog, about 19 km south of Port Nolloth in the Northern Cape. The wreck lies at a depth of about 10 m. Ironically, the vessel meant to replace it, the Gertrud Woermann II, wrecked the following year 30 km north of Swakopmund in Namibia, also in a dense fog.

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Monday, 2 December 2024

South Africa: La Rozette, Feejee, Palmer, Hawthorn, Roma, Espero & Stormgans shipwrecks

SAHRA Maritime and Underwater Cultural Heritage

Montrose wreck in Namibia

August 19:

“This day in our shipwreck and aeronautical wreck history”

1786: La Rozette, this wooden-hulled sailing brig was found wrecked and abandoned near Platboom beach close to Cape Point in the Western Cape. A few days later, six suspicious seamen were found in Cape Town and arrested. As it turned out, six members of the crew mutinied and murdered everyone else on board. They had left the vessel in a slowly foundering condition and expected it to sink, but instead it was driven ashore. A few days after the vessel was found, and after some enquiries six suspicious men were arrested and the Court of Justice found them guilty. Narratives seem to indicate that they were all executed in brutal ways.

1837: Feejee, this wooden-hulled schooner wrecked during a south-easterly gale in Port Elizabeth in the Eastern Cape. The wreck was purchased by a Mr John Thornhill who erected piles around the hulk and by 1840 had used it to construct Port Elizabeth’s first jetty. Unfortunately, three years later, in 1843 in a gale on the 25th of August the vessel Seagull struck the jetty. All 11 on board jumped onto the jetty but shortly thereafter the Laura struck the jetty and it collapsed, killing the 11 who had jumped onto it.

1840: Palmer, this wooden-hulled brig wrecked near Mouille Point whilst entering Table Bay in the Western Cape at night.

1889: Hawthorn, this wooden-hulled barquentine wrecked during a strong north-easterly wind on Back Beach in Durban in KwaZulu-Natal.

1892: Roma,  this iron-hulled sailing barque wrecked late at night on Groot Vlei Beach at Cape Padrone in the Eastern Cape. All lives on board were lost with much of the wreckage, its cargo of ground nuts, and seven bodies washing ashore over the coming days.

1902: Espero, this wooden-hulled barque wrecked near the Mzumbe River Mouth in KwaZulu-Natal. The seas around the wreck were so littered with floating railway sleepers that the general area had to be declared a danger to navigation.

1987: Stormgans, this fishing trawler wrecked at Laaiplek in St. Helena Bay in the Western Cape.

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Thursday, 21 November 2024

South Africa: Schapenjacht & Amwell shipwrecks

SAHRA Maritime and Underwater Cultural Heritage

Henrietta Spasheti wreck in Namibia

August 15:

“This day in our shipwreck and aeronautical wreck history”

1660: Schapenjacht, this wooden Dutch sailing vessel (which was built at the Cape), wrecked in a north-westerly gale on Robben Island in Table Bay in the Western Cape.

1852: Amwell, this British sailing brigantine wrecked in a south-easterly gale in Port Elizabeth in the Eastern Cape.

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Sunday, 17 November 2024

South Africa: Triangle, Camperdown, Verona, William Porter, Rooiberg & Produce shipwrecks

SAHRA Maritime and Underwater Cultural Heritage

Zeila shipwreck south of Henties Bay in Namibia

August 11:

“This day in our shipwreck and aeronautical wreck history” 

1822: Triangle, this wooden-hulled sailing vessel was condemned and broken up in Table Bay in the Western Cape.

1890: Camperdown, this iron-hulled sailing ship was last seen on this day whilst leaving Simon’s Town in the Western Cape for Newcastle in New South Wales in Australia. It was never seen or heard from again and is presumed to have foundered shortly after leaving False Bay.

1902: Verona/Varuna/Varjuna, this sailing barque was abandoned in a sinking condition and was driven ashore during a north-westerly gale, wrecking off Danger Point in the Western Cape.

1906: William Porter, this iron-hulled steam-powered tug was being towed by the SS Ingerid from Walvis Bay in Namibia to Cape Town in the Western Cape when its tow cable parted during the night, and it foundered off the Northern Cape coast with two casualties.

1936: Rooiberg, this steel-hulled steam-powered whaler wrecked after striking Cap Rock in Saldanha Bay in the Western Cape in hazy weather.

1974: Produce, this Norwegian bulk carrier wrecked on Aliwal Shoal in KwaZulu-Natal on a clear day in fine weather. It rolled over and disappeared beneath the water after a few days. When the crew was rescued by the Oranjeland, they claimed they did not know that the reef was there despite it being marked on all charts.

Today, the wreck is a popular dive spot; however, it is always vulnerable to strong currents, so caution is advised. It lies at its deepest at about 30 m and rises to 14 m at its stern with much of it having been removed by salvors over the years. Because of the size of the wreck, it has been described as quite an eerie dive as the current along with its huge plates creak quite often. However, being such a large vessel on Aliwal Shoal means that it is home to an abundance of marine life, from moray eels to scorpion fish and the rare harlequin goldie. The wreck is also home to a hydroid that causes a herpes simplex rash, which has been humorously described as “easy to explain to your diving buddy, but not your non-diving spouse”.

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Tuesday, 12 November 2024

South Africa: Anne Jane, Kent, Elise, Magdala, Pemba & Castillo de Bellver shipwrecks

SAHRA Maritime and Underwater Cultural Heritage

Snowgoose wreck in Namibia

August 6:

“This day in our shipwreck and aeronautical wreck history”

1856: Anne Jane, this vessel wrecked on Woodstock Beach in Table Bay in the Western Cape. Very little is known about the vessel as well as the event. 

1856: Kent, this wooden-hulled sailing barque wrecked near the Salt River Mouth in Table Bay in the Western Cape after its cables parted and it was driven ashore. 

1863: Elise, the wooden-hulled brig wrecked near Mouille Point in Table Bay in the Western Cape.

1897: Magdala, the wooden-hulled sailing barque left Algoa Bay in the Eastern Cape on this day, destined for Delagoa Bay (modern day Maputo) in Mozambique. However, the vessel and those that were on board were never seen or heard from again. 

1926: Pemba, the steel-hulled steam-powered ship foundered south-east of Port St Johns in the Eastern Cape after being swamped in heavy weather. Although the crew took to the boats and landed on the beach, one man lost his life.  

1983: Castillo de Bellver, the Spanish super tanker foundered about 70 km west of Dassen Island in the Western Cape, after a fire broke out onboard the vessel. Although the crew were saved, three members could not be accounted for and were presumed to have perished in the fire. The ship burnt intensely, and eventually bad weather broke its back, with the stern section sinking. The bow section remained afloat upturned, and divers were dropped on it by helicopter to secure a tow rope. The tug John Ross towed it further out to sea, and it was scuttled using explosives in deeper waters. It was carrying 252,000 tons of crude oil at the time and it is believed that approximately 60,000 tons were released into the ocean and/or burned during the event. The oil spill initially looked as if it was going to wash up on the coast which would have caused a massive marine disaster however the wind eventually blew it out to sea where it dispersed. It is believed that both its bow and stern sections are releasing oil to this day.

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Tuesday, 5 November 2024

South Africa: Ariosto, Mabel Young & Athina shipwrecks

SAHRA Maritime and Underwater Cultural Heritage

July 31:

“This day in our shipwreck and aeronautical wreck history”

1854: Ariosto, this American sailing barque wrecked on Back Beach in Durban in KwaZulu-Natal.

The wreck of the Athina (1967) on a beautiful day

1879: Mabel Young, this sailing barque encountered a squall that threw it on its beam ends. It was abandoned in a sinking condition off Cape St. Francis in the Eastern Cape and is presumed to have foundered shortly after being abandoned.

An apparent painting of the ‘Mabel Young’ (1879) by J Mclachlan circa. 1877-79. This is not a verified painting, and it could be of another vessel

1967: Athina, this Greek trawler struck Whale Rock off the Robberg Peninsula near Plettenberg Bay in the Western Cape and then found its final resting place just off Robberg Beach. It was later blown up by the Navy but the remains can be seen in the shallows, off the beach and during low tide it often protrudes out of the water. The wreck makes for a popular dive/snorkel site today and the beach is sometimes referred to as “wreck beach” because of its presence.

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Wednesday, 23 October 2024

South Africa: Nossa Senhora da Belem, Nimrod, Constantia, Shantung & Bina Campbell shipwrecks

SAHRA Maritime and Underwater Cultural Heritage

Suiderkus shipwreck in Namibia

July 24:

“This day in our shipwreck and aeronautical wreck history”

1635: Nossa Senhora da Belem, this wooden Portuguese East Indiaman wrecked near Port St. John's in the Eastern Cape just north of the Mzimvubu river mouth (or as the Portuguese called it, Rio da Praia). The vessel was in dire need of repairs and most of the sailors were suffering with scurvy. With its holds filling with water and the cargo bashing against the ship, the decision was made to run it ashore. This was done without a loss of life, and it has often been speculated that no lives were lost in the wrecking as it was not overloaded like other Portuguese vessels at the time. The captain refused to let anyone attempt to walk overland as he knew about the dangers of doing so from previous survivors from wrecks along the South African coastline. Instead, they manufactured two vessels out of the wreckage. The first, the Senhora da Natividade headed towards Algoa Bay where provisions were obtained, and then continued onwards to Angola. Thereafter, it crossed the Atlantic to Brazil where passage home to Portugal was later found. The other vessel, the Boa Viagem is believed to have foundered shortly after being launched.

1851: Nimrod, this wooden British ship was driven ashore and wrecked after its cables parted at night in a north-westerly gale, near the Salt River mouth in Table Bay in the Western Cape.

1868: A south-easterly gale in East London in the Eastern Cape claimed two vessels after their cables parted:

• Constantia, a wooden British barque, was driven onto Esplanade Rocks,

• Shantung, a wooden British barque, was lost just east of the Buffalo River.

1883: Bina Campbell, this British barque was abandoned at sea in a sinking condition in heavy weather near Algoa Bay in the Eastern Cape. It is assumed to have foundered shortly after.

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Thursday, 3 October 2024

South Africa: Belleisle & Alice shipwrecks

SAHRA Maritime and Underwater Cultural Heritage

July 15: 

“This day in our shipwreck and aeronautical wreck history”

1849: Belleisle/Belle Isle, this wooden-hulled schooner wrecked in a south-easterly gale on rocks in St. Sebastian Bay, near the Breede River mouth in the Western Cape.

A modern day aerial view of the town of Witsand with the Breede River mouth flowing into St. Sebastian Bay

1901: Alice, this vessel wrecked near Woodstock Beach in Table Bay in the Western Cape. Very little is known about it.

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Tuesday, 1 October 2024

South Africa: Speedy & P X de Wet shipwrecks

SAHRA Maritime and Underwater Cultural Heritage

Kolmanskop shipwreck near Swakopmund, Namibia

July 13:

“This day in our shipwreck and aeronautical wreck history”

1842: Speedy, this wooden-hulled schooner wrecked after its cables parted in a north-westerly gale near Woodstock Beach in Table Bay in the Western Cape. The Arion and the Galatea also ran aground during the gale, but they were refloated. The remains of the Speedy now lie beneath reclaimed land.

1972: P X de Wet, this motor-powered vessel ran aground near the mouth of the Boesmans River at Franskraal in the Western Cape. Very little is known about this vessel, and it is possible that it was refloated.

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Wednesday, 3 July 2024

South Africa: Brederode, Haliartus & Alexandros T shipwrecks

SAHRA Maritime and Underwater Cultural Heritage

May 4:

“This day in our shipwreck and aeronautical wreck history” 

1785: Brederode, this Dutch East Indiaman lost its rudder after striking an unknown reef four times in quick succession on the 3rd of May, off Cape Agulhas in the Western Cape. Attempts to turn it towards the beach to run it aground were unsuccessful, and with the hold flooding faster than water could be pumped, it was abandoned at sea around 04:30 the morning of the 4th, following which it foundered at sea. When the survivors reached the shore on the boats, a headcount revealed only 80 people were on shore, and with lights from the Brederode signalling, it meant that 12 people were left on board. The waves were too strong to relaunch the boats to rescue these 12 people and they were never seen again.

The Haliartus (1932) steaming onwards, date and location unknown

1932: Haliartus, this steam-powered British freighter struck a rock in dense fog and wrecked near Ystervarkpunt/Bull Point near the Gourits River mouth in the Western Cape.

The Haliartus (1932) after running aground

By the 7th of May the stern had disappeared below water and the SS Chub had managed to salvage some of the cargo.

2006: Alexandros T, this Greek motor-powered bulk carrier foundered in deep waters off the south-eastern coastline of the Eastern Cape.

The Alexandros T (2006), date and location unknown

Seven of the crew were picked up by the Fortune Express after it reacted to a distress call, but 26 lives remained unaccounted for and are presumed to have gone down with the ship.

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Saturday, 29 June 2024

South Africa: Vrijheid, Nolloth, Shela & Han Cheng 2 shipwrecks

SAHRA Maritime and Underwater Cultural Heritage

April 30:

1883: Vrijheid, this Dutch brig foundered at sea, about 40 km from the Mbizane River mouth in KwaZulu-Natal.

The Nolloth (1965) lying high and dry after having wrecked

1965: Nolloth, this motor-powered Dutch cargo vessel wrecked after striking Albatross Rock, south of Oliphantsbos on the Cape Peninsula in the Western Cape. Its remains can be seen on the Thomas T Tucker shipwreck trail in the Cape Point Nature Reserve.

The remains of the Nolloth (1965) that were visible in 2018

1979: Shela, this motor-powered South African fishing vessel wrecked at Skuins Bay, just east of Jongensfontein in the Western Cape.

1998: Han Cheng 2, this motor-powered Chinese fishing vessel wrecked at Robben Island in Table Bay in the Western Cape during thick mist at night.

The Han Cheng 2 (1998) about two years after it wrecked, slowly being taken by the sea

After running aground, several unsuccessful attempts were made to tow it off, one of which resulted in the wrecking of the Sea Challenger a few days later.

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Friday, 28 June 2024

South Africa: Gentoo, President Steyn & Millie shipwrecks

SAHRA Maritime and Underwater Cultural Heritage

April 29:

“This day in our shipwreck and aeronautical wreck history”

1846: Gentoo, this wooden American sailing ship (unknown rigging) wrecked late at night, west of de Mond in the Western Cape. Reports vary, but the loss of life was between three and nine people.

The SAS President Steyn (1991), shortly after being struck by a missile during its scuttling in 1991, 30 years after being launched. Interestingly the picture of the SAS President Steyn being hit by a missile was taken through the periscope of a SA Navy Daphne Class submarine

1991: President Steyn, this steam-powered South African frigate was scuttled off Cape Point in the Western Cape by missiles and gunfire from strike crafts during a naval exercise. The President Steyn was meant to have been scuttled in 1982 after having been stripped, but the accidental loss of the President Kruger that year provided it with a renewed life, and it was placed in reserve instead.

The SAS President Steyn (1991) on the river Clyde in Glasgow, shortly after being launched in 1961

Fiscal constraints inhibited restoring the President Steyn though, and in 1991 on this day, the frigate was scuttled with three missiles and gunfire from five strike crafts.

2002: Millie, this South African fishing vessel was lost at sea off Hout Bay in the Western Cape along with its crew of six.

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Friday, 31 May 2024

South Africa: Africaine, Johanna, Martha, Waterloo, Fleur de Mourice, Mexican, Ashmount & Aloe shipwrecks

SAHRA Maritime and Underwater Cultural Heritage

April 5:

“This day in our shipwreck and aeronautical wreck history”

1841: Africaine, this wooden sailing schooner wrecked on the rocks on East Beach, about 1 km east of the Kowie River Mouth in Port Alfred in the Eastern Cape.

1848: A south-easterly gale in the Eastern Cape claimed three vessels on this day:

• Johanna, this wooden sailing barque’s cables parted, and it subsequently wrecked in Port Elizabeth in Algoa Bay.

• Martha, this wooden sailing barque wrecked in Port Elizabeth in Algoa Bay. All on board the Johanna and Martha were saved by the Port Elizabeth lifeboat.

• Waterloo, this iron sailing schooner (coaster) wrecked just north of the Great Fish river mouth after offloading supplies at Port Jessie in what was named Cawood/Waterloo Bay. The master and second mate drowned during the wrecking and the loss precipitated the abandonment of the port.

1894: Fleur de Mourice, this vessel struck the bar in Durban harbour in KwaZulu-Natal whilst being towed on this day. It was officially condemned on the 14th of April.

1900: Mexican, this British steam-powered passenger ship left Table Bay on the 4th April transporting 244 passengers and a cargo of mail. It collided with the troop transport ship Winkfield in thick fog, about 65 kilometres north of Dassen Island, late at night on the 5th.

The Mexican (1900) in Table Bay in 1883

All on board were rescued by the Winkfield, and its cargo of mail by the Montrose. By the time the Winkfield left, the Mexican had disappeared below water. The Mexican was the first loss of the newly formed Union-Castle line.

1905: Ashmount, this steel steam-powered cargo ship struck a rock between Fish Point and Stalwart Point and subsequently wrecked in Waterloo Bay in the Eastern Cape. One of the lifeboats capsized in the surf whilst trying to land at Three Sister’s Rocks near the Kowie River mouth which resulted in the loss of seven (possibly eight) lives.

1943: Aloe, this British steam-powered merchant ship was torpedoed and sunk by U-182 off Port Shepstone in KwaZulu-Natal. The 46 that were on board were picked up by the Alexander Ramsey and landed at Cape Town.

The Aloe (1943), date and location unknown

The master was however taken as prisoner on board the U-boat and presumed to have died when U-182 was attacked and sunk on the 16th of May off Madeira.

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Friday, 24 May 2024

South Africa: Merestein, Castor, Clyde & Gleam shipwrecks

SAHRA Maritime and Underwater Cultural Heritage

Shipwreck in Namibia

April 3:

“This day in our shipwreck and aeronautical wreck history”

1702: Merestein, this Dutch East Indiaman wrecked on Jutten Island in Saldanha Bay in the Western Cape. The crew tried to enter Saldanha Bay for replenishment when the ship drifted onto the rocks around Jutten Island. It sank quickly and was battered to pieces within minutes. This resulted in the loss of life of the captain, two women, five children, and half of the crew. Approximately 100 of the crew reached the shore. Ships were sent from the Cape to pick up survivors. Its remains were discovered in the early 1970s which led to intense salvage efforts. The metal remains were conglomerated onto the rocks, so the salvors used dynamite. This resulted in the destruction of most of the wreck and what little remained after blowing it up was salvaged. Some of the artefacts, which included coins, were donated to museums whilst others were sold to collectors.

1851: Castor, this British man-o-war wrecked in the Buffalo River in East London in the Eastern Cape.

1879: Clyde, this British iron steam-powered transport ship struck a reef north-east of Dyer Island in the Western Cape and had to be run ashore on the island in fine weather, becoming a total wreck. Although the site can be dived, reports of great white shark activity tend to dissuade divers.

1882: Gleam, this British composite iron and wooden sailing barque wrecked in Port Nolloth in the Northern Cape. There was a rush to enter the Port Nolloth harbour and its chain parted after the anchor was raised. Although a tug was sent to help, the master refused assistance. It drifted onto Black Jacob Rock and was battered to pieces within 5 minutes. Reports vary, but it is believed that five of the crew of nine lost their lives.

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Tuesday, 7 May 2024

Namibia: Dragon’s Breath Cave - World’s Biggest Underground Lake

Namibia’s Dragon’s Breath Cave – World’s Biggest Underground Lake Is Bigger Than Expected

Most of us don’t even know this, but underneath the barren landscape of Namibia, lies the biggest non-subglacial underground lake on the planet. Called the Dragon’s Breath Cave because of the gusts of warm air that escape from its mouth, the mysterious underground cavern has always been a challenge for explorers due to its depth, as well as the simple fact that it’s a massive lake under the earth. But just as space is opening up to humanity thanks to technology, so too are some of the earth’s hidden wonders. See also: Otjikoto Lake video.

The true size of this body of water was not known for decades as explorers could only dive so far, but recent technological advances have forced the cavern to give up some of its ancient secrets.

Recent surveys have however uncovered a surprising number of secrets within the cave. By making use of autonomous underwater vehicles, scientists have managed to update their measurements of the lake’s depth, as well as look at some of the strange creatures living there. Light is almost absent from the cave except for parts close to its narrow entrance. The water however is incredibly clear and robotic vehicles allow researchers to have a clear look at the bizarre ecosystems that seem to thrive here.

Dragon’s Breath Cave is only one of the 124 underground cave systems that can be found in Namibia and is in stark contrast to the empty landscape above. The name Namibia comes from the local Nama word “Namib,” which means a vast and empty place. But not so underground.

The first documented instances of people exploring the cavern emerged in the 1980s. As per the book “The Darkness Beckons” by Martyn Farr, one of the first attempts to formally explore the cave was by a team of divers and cavers from the South African Speleological Association in 1986.

At the time it was believed that the lake was 150 m deep, but recent robotic surveys revealed a depth of 264 m. That’s 264 m underground, in the dark, and surrounded by strange creatures such as golden catfish, an oddly beautiful and critically endangered species of airbreathing catfish.

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